Three of the most well-known genes that can mutate and raise the risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer are BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2. Women who inherit a mutation, or abnormal change, in any of these genes — from their mothers or their fathers — have a much higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer. (Abnormal PALB2 genes are suspected to raise the risk of ovarian cancer, but larger studies need to confirm that risk.) Men with these mutations have an increased risk of breast cancer, especially if the BRCA2 gene is affected, and possibly of prostate cancer. Many inherited cases of breast cancer have been associated with mutations in these three genes.
The function of the BRCA and PALB2 genes is to keep breast cells growing normally and prevent any cancer cell growth. But when these genes contain the mutations that are passed from generation to generation, they do not function normally and breast cancer risk increases. Abnormal BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of every 10 cases.
Most people who develop breast cancer have no family history of the disease. However, when a strong family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer is present, there may be reason to believe that a person has inherited an abnormal gene linked to higher breast cancer risk. Some people choose to undergo genetic testing to find out. A genetic test involves giving a blood or saliva sample that can be analyzed to pick up any abnormalities in these genes.
Genetics counseling was quite interesting.
Genetics is a small portion of breast cancer cases.
What to Do if Your Genetic Test Results Are Negative
The following recommendations are based on currently
available but admittedly limited information — and common sense.
If your family has a defined breast cancer gene abnormality
but you test negative for the abnormality, your risk of breast cancer is
considered to be equal to that of a woman in the general population: 12-13%
over the course of your lifetime. Men who test negative for a known breast
cancer gene abnormality have the same very low risk of developing breast cancer
as men in the general population. Whether you are a woman or a man, testing
negative also means that you could not have passed the genetic abnormality on
to your children.
As a woman considered to be at average risk of developing
breast cancer, you can follow the screening and lifestyle guidelines
recommended for most women:
Practice regular breast self-examination and get annual or
semiannual clinical breast exams (depending on your doctor's recommendation).
Have screening mammograms following the current guidelines
for women of average risk: a baseline mammogram at age 40 and annual mammograms
after age 40.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle: eat a low-fat, well-balanced
diet, exercise regularly, keep your weight under control, and minimize your
intake of alcohol. These strategies will improve your sense of well-being and
general health and possibly lower your breast cancer risk.